独家：年度国际毕业生在英职业发展全析
又是一年毕业季，今年的英国发生了太多的事情让大家应接不暇。很多中国学生都表示对未来有些迷茫。这一次我们邀请梦达琳资深导师为大家专门撰写文章，深度全析国际毕业生在英职业发展。我们为大家翻译成中文，希望能够帮到同学们。
全文如下：
Graduate Careers in the UK
英国工作环境的发展
英国毕业生职业生涯的扩张与进展，始于布莱尔（Tony Blair）政府时期的决定，当时政府的目标是：期望50%的学生能够进入大学学习。这是由于当时的英国已经从第一产业与第二产业经济（例如煤炭开采、制造业）进化为第三产业服务型经济。英国必须拥有更多受过良好教育的劳动力来满足雇主的需求。
再加上相当长一段时期内欧盟公民在欧盟国家间，能按照自己的意愿决定生活与工作的地方，英国对雇员的要求也在隐性地提高。伦敦迅速扩张为全球专业服务业（尤其是金融服务业）的中心，坐落在这里的跨国公司吸引了来自欧盟以及其他地区的受过高等教育、有高度积极性的毕业生。
英国本土的毕业生很快发现，即使他们在这里土生土长，也缺乏特别的求职优势。为了能够对抗来自欧盟的毕业生（他们往往能使用至少两种语言，并且都是职业水平的），他们不得不努力提高求职能力。而来自欧盟地区之外的毕业生发现，若想在英国市场求职，除了英语技能之外只需要两样东西：一个英国（或欧盟）的教育机构学位，一个提供签证的公司。
英国就业市场的扩张
英国政府的商业创新与技能部门发布的最新数据报告（2016年4月发布）清楚地展示了学位在求职中的重要性；这证明了英国将持续打造一个受过高等教育的服务型经济体系。
该报道称，“在2015年，本科毕业生与研究生拥有更高的就业率，尤其在高技能工作中，他们所占比例更大。相比于未读大学的群体，他们往往拥有更低的失业率、赋闲率，以及拥有更高的平均工资。”
此外，自经济大萧条以来，英国的经济实力（排除在脱欧当天的特殊情况）是非常吸引毕业生的。“在2015年，本科毕业生与未读大学群体的就业率已经恢复到经济大萧条之前的水平…相较于未读大学的人群，本科毕业生和研究生在经济萧条时期更不容易失业。各群体失业率在2015年已经大概恢复到经济大萧条之前的水平。”
总之，毕业生在英国仍然拥有最佳的职场成功之路。他们在经济衰退时会被公司更好的保护，而现在英国的经济已基本恢复到衰退前的水平。已经过去了八年，现在就是毕业生们进入英国经济社会的最好的时机。
下图由英国政府提供，显示了从2008年至2016年逐渐恢复的就业率。本科毕业生与研究生的就业率远远高于未拥有学位的人。
最重要的是，它表明了年轻的毕业生只比全职工作的人口略少。这意味着，与欧洲的其他地区相比，公司并未因留用老员工而拒绝招聘年轻的毕业生；毕业生在英国的就业市场中可以看见一片光明。
薪酬水平
在英国的就业市场，毕业生的薪水是相当之高的；这一点从未改变，并且也不可能改变，因为英国将持续发展高技术含量的服务型经济。Tier 2签证需要申请人提供至少拥有£20,800 或者£23,000（根据职业不同）的年薪，这能够让人出版了解到毕业生工作的薪资水平。好消息是，根据政府的统计数据显示，在2015年，21-30岁的人，人均收入为£24,000，31-40岁这个年龄的人，人均收入将增加£12,000。
国际学生找工作难在哪里？
英国是一个国际化的国家，本地人与外来人口都拥有很多不同的文化传统；这一点是与世界上很多国家相同的情况。但是，不容易让国际学生融入的，是英国的商业文化。这些商业文化在英国的不同区域也不尽相同。
每一位毕业生必须明白，英国的雇主支付不错的薪水，是因为他们期待着能招到一位积极地、有活力的、能够理解公司价值与英国文化的学生。一个还不错的学历仅仅是一个起点，它是能够带你进入职场的敲门砖；个性、能力与强大的动机和热忱才是你得到工作的真正因素。只有这样的毕业生，才能拿到英国就业市场的工作岗位。
国际学生的未来
最近几年，英国政府改变了政策，对于滥用签证的公司和个人进行压制；这对于不同层次的毕业生都产生了一定程度的影响。但是有一点是明确的，公司仍然想招收最优秀的毕业生，不论他们来自哪里。公司会考虑用最好的方法招聘到这些人。根据脱欧协商的政策走向，即将到来的脱欧可能将会给工作政策带来改变：如果欧盟学生失去在英国自由工作的权利，非欧盟学生是非常有可能获得更大的优势。但我们不该仅仅依赖于未知的政策和趋势。
与传统的大学课程相比，远程教学课程为很多学生带来了突破性的改变。远程教学能让学生们在自己的国家学习国外的课程。然而，这却让学生们失去了在另一种文化里生活、学习带有本地口音的语言、与本地学生和其他国家的学生在一起学习的机会。公司会偏好于招收在英国的学生，这样的学生往往能够融入当地的语言与文化之中。
无疑的，英国将会保持国际大国的身份，并可能提升与其他区域、在全球范围内有经济往来的能力。获得英国的学位仍然是争取到毕业生项目的最佳方法；竞争是激烈的，在能够预见到的未来中，英国的经济发展将持续进步，所以这一点是不会改变的。学生们必须能够展示和表现出自己的态度、动机、能力以及对英国与国际社会价值的理解，否则，在第一轮面试后，公司就会拒绝招收你。 在英国开启职业生涯的机会，是为那些愿意勤奋付出、机敏思考、努力让自己达到雇主高标准的学生准备的。
Graduate Careers in the UK
By: Mandarin Consulting Coaching team
The development of the landscape
The expansion and progression of graduate careers in the UK has its origins in the decision of Tony Blair’s governmental era which stated a target of 50% of school leavers to enter university. This was because there was a clear recognition that the UK had transformed from a primary and secondary sector economy, e.g. coal mining and manufacturing, to a services economy. There had to be a well-educated workforce to meet the requirements of employers.
Added to this was the establishment of the free movement of EU citizens between countries to live and work as they pleased. With London expanding quickly as a global centre of professional services (in particular Financial Services) international companies located here became a magnet for highly educated, highly motivated graduates from across the European Union and beyond.
UK graduates quickly discovered that they did not have a special advantage because they were native to the country. They had to improve their job hunting capabilities as they came up against graduates from the EU who spoke at least two languages to a good, if not, professional standard. Those that came from outside the EU found that to enter the UK job market they needed two things in addition to English language skills: a degree from a UK (or EU) institution and a visa sponsor.
How graduate jobs have expanded
The UK Government’s Department for Business Innovation & Skills latest statistics (published April 2016) clearly display the benefits of having a degree in employability; this demonstrates that the UK continues its focus and path on being a highly educated services economy.
The report quotes ‘In 2015, graduates and postgraduates had higher employment rates, with a greater proportion in high-skilled employment, lower unemployment rates, lower inactivity rates and higher median salaries than non-graduates.’
In addition, the UK’s economic strength (Brexit Blip aside) as it emerged from the Great Recession also showed good news for Graduates, ‘In 2015, both graduate and non-graduate employment rates returned to their prerecession levels … Graduates and postgraduates were more protected from unemployment during the recession than non-graduates. Unemployment rates recovered to approximately pre-recession levels for all groups by 2015’.
In conclusion, Graduates still have the best path to career success in the UK, were better protected in the hard years of the recession, and have now almost recovered to pre-recession levels. This is the best time in eight years to be a graduate entering the UK economy.
The graph below provided by the UK government clearly shows the recovering employability of graduates from 2008 to 2016, and their premium compared to non-graduates.
Crucially, it also demonstrates that young graduates are only slightly worse off than the full working population. This means that, unlike other parts of Europe, young graduates are not being sacrificed to keep older people in jobs; the future is bright for young people in the UK.
How much you can earn
Graduate salaries command a premium in the UK economy; this has not changed and is highly unlikely to change because the UK intends to continue on being a highly skilled Services economy. With a Tier 2 visa requiring a minimum salary of £20,800 or £23,000 (dependent on profession) it’s necessary to understand what salary can be expected from a graduate job. The good news is that the government’s own statistics show that the median salary was £24,000 in 2015 for 21-30 year olds, increasing by another £12,000 for the age bracket 31-40.
What International Students Find Difficult
The UK is an international country with many different traditions within its own peoples and those that have been brought by other waves of settlers; the first is no different to most countries in the world. But, what can be difficult to adjust to is the Business Culture of the UK, with some variations between regions.
Any graduate must understand that UK employers pay a good salary with the expectation that they will get a motivated, energetic student who understands the value system of the company and the UK. An academic qualification is just the starting point, it gets you in the door to be assessed; personality, energy and drive are what get you the job. It’s these types of graduates that fill the open positions in the UK.
The future for International Students
The UK government changed the rules in 2011(?) to clamp down on abusers of visas; this had the unfortunate effect of drawing in the good students as well as the bad. It is clear that companies are still after the best graduates no matter where they come from and will consider the best ways to get them in. The impending Brexit will also change matters depending on how negotiations are concluded, it is possible that Non EU students will claw back some advantage if EU citizens do not have the automatic right to work, but this should not be relied on.
The disruptive effect of technology to traditional university courses in terms of distance learning courses has allowed lots of students to study without leaving their home countries. However, fundamentally the student misses out on living in the culture, learning to speak the language with local dialects and mixing with native people and students from other countries. Companies will look to source candidates from within the country; this means students have to involve themselves with understanding the language and the culture.
It is clear that the UK will remain a strong global player and potentially increase its ability to do business regionally and globally. Getting a degree in the UK is still the best method to creating a chance to get on a graduate programme; the competition is tough and will stay that way for the foreseeable future as the UK’s economic performance continues to progress. Students then have to be able to display and perform UK and International values, attitudes, motivations and competencies if not companies will not progress International students after the first interview.
The opportunity to start a career in the UK for an international student is there for those that are willing to diligently and intelligently apply themselves to become what employers are looking for.